Rather than deal with individuals, it dealt with archetypes and stereotypes, and these came to represent the political entities and players of the time.Īt key moments in modern Indian history, new motifs appear.ĭuring colonial rule, social scientists suggest, the Indian public suffered from a crisis of masculinity this finds reflection in Hindi cinema in the motif of the weak man - and its converse, the strong woman. Hindi cinema developed a language which depended on the philosophical preoccupations of the subcontinent. But foreign audiences could also relate to Hindi cinema, although usually as timeless parables rather than as tracts pertinent to current affairs. Its most successful directors were those closest in sensibility to the audience - Raj Kapoor and Mehboob Khan, rather than auteurs such as Guru Dutt and Bimal Roy - and they shared the same concerns, subconsciously. They address different identities the language communities sometimes transcend national boundaries, as when Tamil cinema is followed avidly in Malaysia. The art cinemas in various Indian languages, having grown up in part thanks to state sponsorship, are fairly alike in concerns and form.īut India's various popular cinemas are not all alike, and the differences among them are not restricted to language. Still another category is "diaspora cinema" produced around the world, in English by filmmakers such as Mira Nair (The Reluctant Fundamentalist, 2013) and Deepa Mehta (Midnight's Children, 2012). There is "independent cinema" catering to English-speaking metropolitan audiences, and a "B category" cinema in Hindi, producing films shown mainly in the small towns of northern India and often featuring elements of horror and magic.
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India also offers productions in regional languages such as Tamil, Telugu, Bhojpuri and Bengali, plus "art cinema" - whose best-known filmmaker is Satyajit Ray - in various languages.
Indian cinema, now marking its centenary, is not synonymous with "Bollywood", the term applied to Hindi-language popular cinema from Mumbai (formerly Bombay).
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